Education Essay - 1244 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Most controversies over education are centered around the question of how strictly standards should be upheld. The concern over whether or not flunking students is appropriate or even in the best interest of the student is a widely discussed topic. The argument often begins with students just starting school where the question of standardized testing for kindergartners arises. The majority of people are actually against such testing because they feel that a child who is labeled as a failure at such an early age may be permanently damaged (Bowen 86). The worry over the failure issue is further traced to educators who feel children just entering school are not fully prepared. Teachers are faced with†¦show more content†¦Its givings are based strictly on financial need (Mulcahy 12). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The government is not the only organization avoiding standardized testing; many colleges around the nation, including several elite liberal-arts colleges, have stopped requiring standard test scores for admission. These universities use other information, such as class rank and GPA, to determine eligibility (Goldstein 52-53). There is, however, much opposition to the idea of no tests. Diane Ravitch feels that testing can protect society and encourage students to try harder. She feels that tests are effective as long as students are properly prepared for them in their everyday learning (54). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In more recent headlines, the issue of education and testing has risen again. Both major presidential candidates have voiced strong support of statewide testing in hopes of raising academic standards. This is in response to voter’s strong backing of high-stake testing in the polls. The majority of people included in a recent survey feel that students should have to pass statewide tests to progress to the following grade and even to graduate. For programs started in Texas by Governor George Bush, schools are rewarded and punished according to the student performance. Some critics express concern that pressure on students and teachers is too greatShow MoreRelatedEducation In Education1314 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment). When compared to the United States, the overwhelming difference in intelligence of teenagers between the two countries begs to question if our learning styles work well. If the U.S. can learn and execute decisions in the Department of Education to make it similar to Finland, then public schools will excel. Unfortunately, teachers create the largest obstacle currently stopping the U.S. from becoming like Finland because they do not obtain as much educational experience and skill. In AmericaRead MoreDistance Education : Education And Education1422 Words   |  6 PagesDistance education provides many benefits for the students, faculty, and universities who utilize them. For students, it provides more flexibility for their schedules, the ability to work at one’s own pace, and improves their familiarity with job-friendly technology. It also allows them to receive an education while simultaneously being employed in a full-time job elsewhere—whether that be maintaining a career or caring for a family. Distance education also keeps teaching staff at peak performanceRead MoreEducation Reform : Education And Education1043 Words   |  5 Pages Education Reform School has changed tremendously over time. School was a lot different back then than it is today. Going to school wasn’t offered to everyone. It was only offered to the upper-class. Boys and girls were schooled separately, but today our schools are diverse and have many different kinds of races. Technology did not even exist a hundred years ago but today, we use technology everyday for our schoolwork. Through the course of history, education usually matched the needs of societyRead MoreEducation, Education And Education939 Words   |  4 Pagesamenities such as health, education and security to its citizens. According to Milton Friedman, the government has a very important and critical role to play in the provision of education and more specifically provision of primary education. Government involvement in the education sector can either be in the form of loans, subsidies or grants to provide an enabling learning environment to the needy students. This paper analyzes the r ole of subsidies in the support of higher education based on Friedman’sRead MoreEducation And Influences Of Education1392 Words   |  6 PagesEducation and Influences What does it mean to be educated? When education is thought upon, one would imagine the school system starting with preschool, first grade, second grade, and third grade eventually moving on up to till the 12th. Or One might think that education is having â€Å"street smarts†... knowing which places to avoid in florida versus being a tourist just visiting. Education is defined as: the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or universityRead MoreEducation And Its Impact On Education1706 Words   |  7 Pagesthe way it is in these modern’s period. Education plays a role in a development in a country. When we look at the global as a whole, we would see that educations are a factor that help for war, increase economy, increase political tension, and so on. The foundation of the society is based on education since it brings economic and social prosperity. Gaining education enhances an individual to live a respectful life in the societ y. This is because education offers a setting in which culture and valuesRead MoreThe Importance Of Education In Education744 Words   |  3 PagesIn a democratic education system, there is a balance of authority between the state, the parents, the individual, and the educators. While each group has their own claim to power over the education of children, there is still the question of who should have the most. This question often comes down to the state or the parents because they are the most complicated and influential. The primary goal of democratic education is to equip children with the knowledge and moral character needed to find successRead MoreEducation And Education : The Benefits Of Sport Education1040 Words   |  5 PagesHow we can make a definition for Sport education? It’s a way that you can make your mind and body be more stronger on your education by choosing a good sport. There will are so many good effects by doing sports, for instance, students can be to ugh after they playing basketball, and they can be If we want to analyze the effects , we need to find out the main reason that why students need to do some sports in their education. In the modern life, there are so much pressures in studying, and they canRead MoreEducation And The Education System864 Words   |  4 PagesToday, along with integration with the world on all aspects about education so the education system in my country also has many programs to help students easier gain access to the education of the world including the US. We know that English very important for students when they want to study in US so my education system has built an environment convenient for students such as English center, website, a program teach about English for students when they are at school, and STEAM system for studentsRead MoreEducation : Education And Development1281 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 11: Education and Development Education took a shift in the 1950’s in Latin America. Due to the change of society, education began to shift as well. Education in Latin America went from consumption to production and striving the development of all nations and mass education was the key to access modernization. Schooling was a way of teaching the knowledge, values, and attitudes that would modernize a society as well as uphold the industrial economy. The focal point of education in Latin America

Travel Plan and Market Segmentation Assignment Example

Essays on Travel Plan and Market Segmentation Assignment The paper "Travel Plan and Market Segmentation" is a wonderful example of an assignment on tourism. Lifestyles and lifestyle values have many factors within a particular group of people, which affect their way of life other than the cultural and religious orientation. Lifestyle segmentation allows marketers to look at the global consumers a heterogeneous group of individuals who fall under the same segmentation as a basis for the development of products or even services (Baines et al 2005). Lifestyle in this case, therefore, defines the person’s basic reactions and behavior. In many markets, there are diverse consumers who have differing lifestyles, backgrounds, and even income levels. This, therefore, means that there is no single marketing mix that can be used to cover or even attract all sectors of a market. By understanding the consumer, marketers get a clear chance to develop a mere efficient and effective marketing strategy (Fraj Martinez 2006).In any given market, ther e are many variables in consumer needs, preferences and most importantly the purchasing power which attracts consumers with a single marketing mix. There is a need to identify the factors that affect purchase decisions and then group consumers according to the presence or even the absence of the said factors (Divine Lepisto 2005). In other words, there is a need to have the marketing strategies adjusted so that they can meet the needs of a particular group. This division of the market into smaller and relatively homogenous groups is the one referred to as market segmentation.A market segment, in this case, must have a definite presence of a measurable purchasing power and size. In this case, the two couples fall under different categories and therefore the design of the product will have to be different even though there are some which they can handle at the same time (Bojanic 2007). The difference will in most cases be determined by the price and product which are mostly correlate d to their life stage difference and not age per se.It is worth noting that, this segmentation approaches a life stage that determines the consumer purchasing behavior primarily. As people move from one stage of life to another, they become consumers for different types of goods and services. In this case, Couple A, who has just married have a differing profile as compared to couple B who happens to be their parents. To satisfy these groups, then there is a need to offer them the best value possible in accordance with their group type.This report is about a travel plan for two groups which are:Couple A - Young Optimism ValsCouple B - Visible Achievements ValsThe two groups are looking for different vacations but in the same region. However, due to the difference in their lifestyles, their packages are going to be different.Vacation VenueVeniceVenice has extraordinary tourist attractions to show off which are mostly enhanced by their waterfront location.

Gang Leader For Day free essay sample

The author of â€Å"Gang Leader for a Day†, Sudhir Vankatesh, delivers an intimate look into a world most people would prefer to ignore. In the book, the graduate student formed a friendship with a local gang leader and was able to get the inside information of the gang’s role in the Chicago housing projects. ABC’s 60 Minutes and National Geographic have made outstanding videos describing in great detail, gang life. Girls in the Hood, by ABC, informs that the notion of only males in gangs is false; that there are strong female leaders that are much involved in the gang as much as males. â€Å"Maximum Security†, by 60 Minutes, informs the audience about how gang leaders turned Pelican Bay, a prison fortress, into their own head courters of criminal activity. â€Å"World most Dangerous Gang†, by National Geographic, describes how important it is to deal with violent gangs and not make the same mistake twice. Sudhir Vankatesh is a brave sociologist who wanted to live the life of the very thing he studied. In 1989, Vankatesh was a graduate student from University of Chicago and for his research he had come to spend time with the Black King gang. The author stayed in the Robert Taylor housing project which was next to the university; although, the staff of the university made it clear that these areas were places to be avoided. He started to attend seminars that analyzed typical sociological enquiries which he felt did not portray an accurate sociological prospective of the people who lived in the projects. He liked the questions the researchers were asking, but compared them with the vibrant life he saw on the streets of Chicago, the discussion of these seminars seemed cold and distant. The author decided to go with the direct approach in which he had a firsthand experience in his research, instead of a more common approach of using surveys and questionnaires. The biggest reason why Vankatesh did not want to base his research on surveys is because their validity is not one hundred percent accurate. Vankatesh’s research method was not clear to him when he approached Hyde Park for the first time. It is understood that throughout the book he used the participant and observation method: seeing people face to face. He meets J.T at the park and soon realizes that he is a Black King Gang member. They form an unusual friendship because they are both intrigued with each other. J.T. has a college degree and he had a job but he felt that  he could not grow within the workforce due to his ethnicity. The blue-collar occupation that J.T. worked at could not promise better pay so he had to go back to the projects where he grew up and ran the Black King Gang. His authority was easy to achieve because he was well known throughout the project community. He mostly dealt with people like a business man but sometimes he had to put people in line through brutal violence. The Robert Taylor homes housed many poor African Americans which results in de facto (‘in actual fact†) segregation. The occupants consisted mainly of single parent homes which attributed to their socio financial status. The deprived African Americans experience hypersegregation because of the geo-political region. The local law enforcement’s lack of presence encourages locals to seek the Black King Gang for justice. J.T, gang’s leader, regulates the kind of punishment suitable for each situation. After Brass and C-Note went against J.T.’s rule to make Vankatesh leader for a day they were brutally assaulted. The consequence of their behavior resulted in punishment sanction that encouraged conformity to the gang’s cultural norms. The Black King Gang organizes itself to efficiently perform responsibilities. The bureaucratic gang has a â€Å"Board of Directors† at the top of it hierarchy that oversees the grand operation. J.T. is an instrumental leader because he focuses on completing tasks. His take charge attitude and outgoing personality are all traits of a born leader. As a leader he had to keep the gang motivated to keep sell the illegal substances. J.T. understands the consequences of breaking the law so he never carried a gun or drugs because it would send him to prison. The people of the Robert Taylor Homes value the hierarchy of the gang because it serves them as protection. Squatters, people who sleep in the halls, usually cause a lot of trouble because of their alcohol and drug abuse. The female tenants feel comfortable enough to tell J.T. if the squatters are harassing them. Being organized allows the gang to run more efficiently when performing tasks. In chapter four of â€Å"Gang Leader for a Day† the author gets a chance in a lifetime: he was appointed leader of the gang for one day with, of course, help from J.T., T-Bone, and Price. They discuss the ongoing problem of rival gangs wanting to take their territory explained that he pays the local homeless of the area to keep an eye out just to have a second reference, when a problem occurs. The author concludes that his peers, other sociologist, have a false  understanding of the kinds of positive outcomes gangs bring to The Robert Taylor community. The latent function of the gang’s role is that they try their best to protect the men and women who do not abuse drugs and are too poor to care for themselves. Girls in the Hood put together a lot of videotape shot over a four month period by Mara and Jokey, two female gang associates in East Los Angeles. Mara is one of the leaders of Tapa 13. Tapa is the name of her neighborhood and 13 stands for the south. Jokey is a member of the drifters in East L.A. She has stolen cars, sold drugs, and shot at her enemies. They acclaimed this life style because they are in it for the thrill and danger. Even though they do all these not so great things they value religion. In the video there is a clip of a mural of the Virgin Marry spray painted as a totem to the Neighborhood. Mara explains that this sacred symbol is presented in an area where acts of crime are ordinary. The community values religion and believes in biblical figures yet still acts in atrocious behaviors. As for Jokey, stealing and selling drugs is norm. During the Rodney King riots in 1992 Jokey looted local shopping malls and was scorned by her father. They both explain that their gang is like a second family. The major function of this family is the social placement of one another. Its main focus is to have social organization and pass down race, ethnicity and religion. The video â€Å"Maximum Security† explained how gang members live in the Security Housing Unit (SHU). Prisoners are locked in their cells 23 hours a day. For the hour outside their cells the prisoners are allowed out in the yard to do some form of exercise. In their cells they communicate with each other through the drains. Inside the SHU, gangs find new ways of collaborating because it’s the best way to keep under the radar of the guards or other gang members. The language used here is not used by the average citizen in the United States. The system of symbols such as hand gestures and sign language are specifically understood by the members of the gang. The gangs are able to send out orders to murder and money launders from within this metal fortress. In their cells however it is much harder to converse in SHU through hand gestures, so they started fishing. Fishing is when a person from a cell writes a note and attaches it to a line, made out of bed sheets, and launches it hoping it lands in the right place. If it goes off course or one of the guards picks it up they just make another one because they have a  lot of time on their hands. The Guards consider â€Å"fishing† a nuisance and in a sense a folkway of inmates. The video â€Å"World’s Most Dangerous Gang† focuses on the notorious MS-13 which is 10,000 foot soldiers strong and spanning from El Salvador to Canada. Originating in East Los Angles, MS-13 acts like an underground business or black market that defends its territory through ruthless violence. To stay in business, the gang must keep their coldblooded reputation and it is considered a norm to kill. This allows the gang to keep their profits coming in. A former gang member is interviewed in the short film; his name is Jester; when he was only eight years old he was jumped in. To be jumped in is to undergo a vicious beating for no more than 13 seconds. This gang is involved in more crime than any other gang in the world. The U.S Government decided to send captured MS-13 members to El Salvador in attempt to get rid of the problem. This caused the gang to become stronger and larger because the officials in El Salvador are not as strong as the officers in the U.S. The sociological theory of deviance best explains gang life is differential-association theory. According to Edwin Sutherland â€Å"a person’s tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior† (Macionis). The differential-association theory applies to many kinds of deviant engagements. For example, MS-13 provides conditions in which young individuals learn to become lawbreakers. This gang defines itself as countercultural and glorifies viciousness, vengeance, and corruption as means to achieving social status. Gang members learn to be deviant as they embrace and conform to their gangs norms. It focuses on evolving the nature of criminality because adolescents usually learn deviance from the people who spent the most time with it. Fortunately none of my family members are involved in any gang or criminal activity. I do understand that being in a gang gives people the sense that they belong to group. I have a fairly large family and we are very close. If I did not feel like I belonged to my family there would have been a big chance that I would have spent more time with negative influences. ABC’s, 60 minutes, and National geographic did an excellent job in getting the inside story of gangs and the life. It breaks the false interpretation mass media gives to the general public. Maximum Security, by 60 minutes, informs the audience on how the gangsters in Pelican Bay send out orders to do heinous activity. â€Å"World’s most Dangerous  Gang†, by National Geographic, describes how important it is that law enforcement deal with violent gangs and not send them to another region of the world to wreak havoc. Sudhir Vankatesh lived in the shoes of a gangster’s life for one day to personally experience the culture poor African Americans live in.

Lichen an Example by

Lichen by Expert Lilliana | 06 Dec 2016 A lichen is an association between a fungus (mycobiont) and a photosynthetic symbiotic (photobiont) that results in a stable thallus, or body, of specific structure. The photobiont is either an alga or a cyanobacterium. A remarkable feature of a lichen is the transformation that the symbionts, in particular the fungus, undergo during the association. A new entity, the thallus, is formed, and unique chemical compounds are synthesized. The physiological behaviour of the symbionts also changes in symbiosis. There are about 15,000 species of lichens, an indication that this type of symbiosis has been highly successful and has involved many species of fungi. Surprisingly, only about 30 different types of algae and cyanobacteria have been reported as photobionts. Need essay sample on "Lichen" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed A lichen thallus usually consists of layers such as an upper and lower cortex, algal layer, and medulla. The layers differ in thickness and are better developed in some species than in others. Fungal hyphae make up most of a thallus; the photobiont cells are only a small percentage (about 7%) of the total volume. There are three main types of thalli: crustose, foliose, and fruticose. A crustose thallus lacks a lower cortex and is generally considered to be the most primitive type. Thalli of Lepraria species do not have layers but consist only of powdery granules. There are more species of crustose lichens than other types, and most of them belong to the genera Lecanora and Lecidea. Many crustose lichens stick tightly to the substratum and appear to be painted on it. Some species grow inside rock crevices and bark and still manage to produce separate layers. Squamules are typical of many species of Cladonia. Squamules are a specialized type of crustose thallus and are attached at only one end to the substratum. A foliose thallus has an upper and lower cortex, an algal layer, and medulla and is usually loosely attached to the substrate by hairlike structures called rhizines. The thallus has many different sizes and shapes and is often pided into lobes. Common foliose genera include Anaptychia, Cetraria, Parmelia, Physcia, and Xanthoria. Some foliose lichens, such as Umbilicaria (rock tripe), have thalli that are attached to the substrate by only one central point. Fruticose thalli are upright or hanging, round or flat and often highly branched. Thalli of Usnea are hairlike and can reach a length of 5 m, whereas those of Evernia are shorter and strap-shaped. The layers of a fruticose thallus may surround a central thick cord, as in Usnea, or a hollow space as in some Cladonia species. Lichens grow practically everywhere - on and within rocks, on soil and tree bark, on almost any inanimate object. They grow in deserts and in tropical rainforests, where they occur on living leaves of plants and ferns. They have been found on the shells of tortoises in the Galapagos Islands and on large weevils in New Guinea. In the dry valleys of Antarctica, endolithic lichens, such as Buellia and Lecidea, grow inside sandstone crevices. Dermatocarpon fluviatile and Hydrothyria venosa grow in freshwater streams, and species of Verrucaria are common in the intertidal zones of rocky, ocean shores. Verrucaria serpuloides is a permanently submerged marine lichen that grows on stones and rocks 4-10 meters below mean low tide off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Douglas Larson has estimated that about 8% of the earth's terrestrial surface is dominated by lichens. Lichens abound in areas with high annual humidity, such as the fog belt zones of Chile and Baja California. Extensive lichen populations also grow in the cool, northern forests of the world, where hundreds of miles of forest floor are covered with thick carpets of reindeer lichens (Cladonia). Lichens with organized thalli do not grow well in areas that are continuously wet, such as tropical rainforests. Only poorly organized species of Lepraria and leaf-inhabiting lichens are found in these regions. Lecanora conizaeoides and Lecanora dispersa colonize trees and gravestones in industrial cities and towns, but most lichens cannot tolerate the polluted atmosphere and persistent dryness of urban areas. Lichens are dispersed by thallus fragments and vegetative diaspores such as isidia and soredia. Each diaspore consists of a few algal cells and fungal hyphae. Soredia are powdery granules that originate inside the thallus, as localized overgrowths of algae and hyphae, and break through the upper cortex. Isidia are cylindrical extensions of the thallus. About 39% of all foliose and fruticose species of lichens produce isidia. Diaspores are dispersed by water, wind, insects, and birds. Lichen fungi produce the same type of reproductive structures as other ascomycetes. Only some aspects of the sexual process have been seen in lichens, such as the fusion of microconidia to the tips of trichogynes. Dispersal of photobionts occurs by means of motile (zoospores) and nonmotile (autospores) spores. The basic unit of a lichen thallus is one algal cell with enveloping hyphae. Fungal hyphae adhere to the surface of an algal cell by means of a mucilage produced by both symbionts. As the fungus envelops the algal cells, it forms two types of specialized cells, appressoria and haustoria. These structures are common features of pathogenic fungi. The appressorium fastens the mycobiont tightly to the photobiont and gives rise to hyphae that grow into the algal cell and form haustoria. Hyphae penetrate the algal cell by enzymatic and physical means; that is, they partially dissolve their way through the algal wall and also push their way through. The plasma membrane of the algal cell always remains intact, no matter how deeply the hyphae grow inside the cell. The lichens are a unique example of symbiosis. Most of the studies that have dealt with the physiological interactions between lichen symbionts have focused on the passage of nutrients from the photobiont to the mycobiont. In a lichen thallus the photobiont excretes more than 90% of the carbon that it fixes photosynthetically as a polyol or a sugar such as glucose. The polyol excreted by green symbionts is ribitol, erythritol, or sorbitol; bluegreen photobionts excrete glucose. The fungus may control the rate of polyol excretion by the photobiont. Carbon dioxide stimulates photosynthesis of the photobiont, while NH 3 increases its respiration and carbohydrate release. When the lichen fungus is actively growing, it can increase the flow of nutrients from the photobiont cells by producing more urease. Lichen acids and certain proteins act as a feedback control because they inactivate urease. Polyols and glucose released by the photobionts are absorbed by the mycobiont and converted to mannitol, which is a fungal storage product. Such a conversion creates a sink to which algal nutrients continue to flow. The fungus uses some of the mannitol for growth and development, but the rest is used to help it withstand the extreme conditions of its habitat. Lichens contain unique secondary compounds, which are commonly called lichen acids. These compounds were thought to be products of the symbiosis, but studies of isolated mycobionts growing in culture with high concentrations of sucrose have revealed that the fungus alone produces these compounds. In lichens secondary metabolism appears to be connected to desiccation and aerial growth of the mycobiont. Secondary compounds of lichens may have important ecological roles. Many have antibiotic activity and may prevent the microbial decay of lichen thalli, which may live for hundreds and even thousands of years. Lichen substances are also chemical weathering compounds that have a role in soil formation because of their chelating properties. Lichens - unique life forms that actually are two separate organisms, a fungus and an alga, living in symbiosis - are especially susceptible to air pollution. According to James P. Bennett, a research ecologist with the National Biological Service, Small plantlike organisms, lichens once were found in every corner of the world. Now, at least a dozen areas in North America - from Los Angeles to tracts of rural Pennsylvania - are classified as lichen deserts. Many northern and alpine animals - including moose, elk, muskox, and a number of ground-feeding birds - turn to lichens when the winters are long and other types of food are scarce. For these animals, lichens are "famine foods." In addition, birds and squirrels incorporate lichens in the latticework of their nests to insulate, cushion, and conceal their eggs and young. Humans, too, have benefited from lichens and their products for thousands of years. Lichen extracts were used for dyes in ancient Greece and Rome, as recorded by Pliny and Dioscoridis. Many of the methods for extracting and preparing lichen dyes were perfected in Europe during the Middle Ages. In the twentieth century, biologists found orcein to be a useful agent for staining chromosomes, enhancing their visibility under a microscope. A closely related dye, litmus, has been widely used to test the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of solutions. The extracts from some lichen species, including oakmoss (Evernia prunastri) and tree moss (Pseudevernia furfuracea), are used by the cosmetics industry for fixative agents in perfumes. In addition, usnic acid - obtained from species belonging to several genera (such as Usnea, Cetraria, Cladonia, and Parmelia) - promises to be useful in antibiotic salves, herbicides, and deodorants. Today we can find lichens in a wide range of sizes, shapes, and colours. Lichens occur in every type of habitat, promote soil development, reveal air quality, and serve as sources of food, dyes, and medicines. How will lichens be used in the future? Perhaps they will lead us to new nutritional products, important tests for environmental health, or valuable pharmaceutical. Time will tell. In the meantime, let us begin to appreciate this group of organisms that already had contributed so much but are acknowledged so little. Works Cited Air Pollution Is Decimating Lichens. USA Today 124 June 1996. Hylander, Clarence J. The World of Plant Life. The Macmillan Company, 1969. Macy, Joanna. Deep Ecology and the Council of All Beings. Re-vision 16, 1993. Paracer, Surindar and Ahmajian Vernon. Symbiosis: An Introduction to Biological Association. Oxford University Press, 2000. 113. Smith, Dwight G. Partners for life. World and I. 18 April 2003.