Nuclear Fusion as Energy Provider Essay Example for Free

Nuclear Fusion as Energy Provider Essay Fission reactions differ from radioactive decay both in the way that the reaction must be started and in the type of products that are formed [1]. Radioactive decay is a passive action, while fission is active. For radioactive decay, the atom is unstable; while the nuclei in the process of fission absorb a neutron, then oscillate to become unstable. Moreover, the product of radioactive decay is only an atom of other element; while the products of fission are 3 neutrons and 2 different elements. Hydrogen and helium are by far the most abundant element, which is 89% and 11% respectively [1]. The process of making the simple elements (like lithium, etc.) is called nucleogenesis. Hydrogen acts as a producer, which is the start of the nucleogenesis. It converts to helium in nuclear fusion. When hydrogen is used up to produce helium, fusion of helium with other elements occurs. Helium nuclei react to form beryllium, carbon, oxygen, neon and magnesium [1]: If helium is used up to produce the elements mentioned above, carbon nuclei combine to produce elements: Although the production of hydrogen and helium is small, it is still possible for the star to produce other elements. There are 2 routes to generate lithium: Route 1 Route 2 The first route shows the simple rule of fusion, while the second route shows the changes of the nucleus by the collision between an atom and an electron. The proton number and the structure of the nucleus are changed when the electron reacts with it. [1] An unstable nucleus may become more stable through radioactive decay. Some heavy nuclei can also become more stable when they split into two smaller parts. This is called nuclear fission. For example, when a uranium-235 nucleus is bombarded by a neutron, it splits into two smaller nuclei. Two or three neutrons and a large amount of energy are released. Energy is released when light nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus. This process is called nuclear fusion. For example, a deuterium nucleus ( H) can fuse with a tritium ( H) nucleus to form a helium-4 nucleus ( He), releasing a neutron and a large amount of energy. The following shows the concept of fusion. For nuclear fission, each fission reaction release 200 million eV (where 1 eV= 1.602?10-19J) [3]. By calculation, 200?106?1.602?10-19 =3.204?10-10 J For nuclear fusion, there are many combinations of fusion, while only 1 type of fusion will be considered, the typical fusion deuterium nucleus ( H) and tritium ( H) nucleus. This shows the fusion reaction of deuterium and tritium. The energy of the helium is 3.5MeV and the energy of the neutron is 14.1MeV, which give the total of 17.6MeV of energy[3]. By calculation, 17.6?106?1.602?10-19 =2.81952?10-12 J The figure below shows a schematic diagram of nuclear power plant. The nuclear fuel used, uranium(U), is contained in fuel rods. There is only 0.7% of naturally occurring uranium is the fissionable U-235, where the rest is U-238. Because of this, the fuel used is first enriched by increasing the proportion of U-235 to about 3%. [2] The neutrons released during fission often travel too fast to trigger further fissions. The fuel rods are surrounded by a moderator, which may be water or graphite. The neutrons are slowed down when they collide with the nuclei in the moderator. The rate of reaction is controlled by control rods that can be moved in and out of the reactor. They are made of materials like boron or cadmium, which can absorb neutrons. When the control rods are moved in, the rate of chain reaction decreases. When they are moved out, the reaction is speeded up. In case of emergency, all control rods are moved in to shut the reactor. Fission Fusion Advantage Disadvantage Advantage Disadvantage -chain reaction can take place -highly radioactive used fuel -unlimited supply of fuel -uncontrollable -can be controlled -long half-lives -product of fusion is stable -requires high temperature -2 loops to avoid radioactive substances reach the turbine -formation of bi-products -product is non-radioactive -product with short half-lives Nuclear Fusion can be a good energy supply, however, there are some challenges that scientists are facing. Firstly, nuclear fusion is uncontrollable, once it is out of control, explosion of hydrogen bomb would occur. Secondly, it requires high and sustainable temperature to generate electricity or energy, it costs so much. Lastly, the fusion power station will be occupied for military use, which may lead a catastrophic war. Reference: 1. Articles(given) Lise Meitner Fusion Powering the future? 2. Physics in Life Electricity, Magnetism and Atomic Physics Longman S.S. Tong, K.S. Lam, S.C. Chiu P.176 range in air P.177 penetrating power P.178 deflection of nuclear radiation in electric and magnetic field P.221-225 Nuclear energy 3. Wikipedia Fusion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion Fission http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission Power Plant http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Fossil_fuel_power_plant 4. Advancing Physics AS P.172 eV 5. Salters Chemical Ideas P.20 properties of ?,? and ? emission

Willy Russells Educating Rita Essay -- English Literature

From your study of Willy Russell's Educating Rita, describe which character in the play changes the most Explain:  · How the characters change  · The characters role in the play  · How the playwright uses dramatic devices  · How the use of language shows these changes  · How these changes reflect the social, historical and cultural background. The play 'Educating Rita' was written by Willy Russell in 1985, for all the 'Rita's' and all the 'Frank's' in the audience. The play is based on Willy Russell's life so it could be interpreted as an autobiographical play. Like Rita, Russell did not study at school so he did not have any O levels, so he wanted an education to get away from Hairdressing like Rita wanted an education to see what she could become. At this point in the play Frank can tell Rita anything and she will listen and believe all of it. As time goes on she looses this hunger for knowledge because of summer school and her flatmate Trish that dramatically changes Rita. At the end of the play the two characters seem to have changed roles, Rita comes back from summer school and knows more then she ever thought she could and discovers that the 'proper students' are not as good and intelligent as she thought. Franks relationship with Julia is breaking down and the banishment to Australia seems more and more imminent. The two seem to swap roles because Frank used to tell Rita things and she would try and understand it, but the return from summer school shows that she has memorised Blake poetry and has significantly changed. Rita is driven by the need for education, having realised that life has more to offer then her ordinary existence in the hairdressing salon. Rita says to Frank that b... ...that there is only one thing for her to do to thank him so he sits down and the audience gets the impression of something sexual about to happen but Rita gets a pair of scissors and begins to cut Franks hair. In this scene the dramatic device used is one for humour. Educating Rita is mainly about a character trying to find the right words to express herself, and as she becomes more educated Rita learns to adapt her language to different audiences. Rita's increasing mastery of the language helps her to grow more confident. In the character of Rita, Willy Russell was reaching out to an audience whose daily language was not of the theatre or the university but to all the Franks and Rita's in the audience. Rita attempts to change her language to the proper use of words, because of what Trish said: 'you can't discuss beautiful literature with an ugly voice.'

Groom service Essay

Groom service â€Å"and† return â€Å"the protagonist who deal with emotional problems occurred a terrible set of two short stories. These two stories are related to the acceptance, acknowledgment and recognition of common themes. In the† bridegroom services, â€Å"Berner Germany, the protagonist and his hunting skills, ability to survive, but did not dare to pursue his love. he tried to accept from Mary and her family. On the contrary, Kamau’s story â€Å"return† purposes, from accepting a village but detect changes that occur acceptances due to their family and character, the impact of internal and external forces established protagonist, Bernard and Kamau, ultimately not their ideal partner. Bernard and Kamau were living in a poor neighborhood, every family adds an extra burden of the family. Bernard’s mother, Martha, is very strict, her daughter – in – law. Because Doris is nearly 40 years old, she would not have the energy to help with the housework. In addition, Martha is worried Doris gave birth family in old age. According Kamaus parents, Muthoni, Kamau’s wife, is always a good deal Kamau’s parents. Muthoni gave birth to a baby, left the family when Kamau detention camp. She chose to leave, because it is very difficult and tense her care and feeding of the baby is not her husband’s support and help. Therefore, whether the protagonist is lost, mainly because of their financial problems they want to partner. In the tough issues, people find their true love, because they should first prioritize their lives difficult. The two protagonists are very different character in the pursuit of his love aspect. When Martha asked to leave Doris Bernard and Mary married, he immediately took action. Bernard’s relationship is since when he missed his partner so fragile.

Education Crisis in America - 2463 Words

Griffin Thomas 2/25/2014 The Education Crisis in America Currently the U.S. has a major problem on its hands, education today is constantly losing money while we put more of that money and time into our prisons rather than our schools. By showing kids that it is more important to be tough on crime than it is for a proper education is wrong. If these practices continue you can expect to see higher drop-out rates and larger prison populations. Education should be the U.S.’s top priority and we should take pride in the greatest education system in the world. Education provides students not with just knowledge but ethics, character development and self-esteem which are important skills for the workplace and in life. That is why it is†¦show more content†¦This pipeline is sending kids into the juvenile justice system and eventually the adult system. It is preventing these students from getting a proper education and it is contributing to our monstrous incarceration rates. While these policies were created to help students it is doing the exact opposite and they need to be changed. Zero tolerance policies can be devastating to students and their families with many not distinguishing between small offenses and major offenses. This causes kids to be overly punished which in turn leads to expulsion and entry into the juvenile system. Students who are subsequently expelled are divested of educational services then they are usually sent to alternative schools where the education is substandard compared to public schools. This leads to increased dropout rates due to the student’s inability to get a proper education or difficulty readjusting to a new school. There is also a largely disproportionate number of African American students being suspended and expelled. â€Å"One in five black boys and more than one in 10 black girls received an out-of-school suspension, while African American students only make up 18% of the population† (Heitzeg). Continually we are seeing racial inequality in the classroom. This is causing the high poverty areas to receive the worst education. In turn these areas are the most likely to use the zero tolerance policies in place toShow MoreRelatedThe Education Crisis in America Essay examples848 Words   |  4 Pages The education crisis in America has been overlooked and ignored for far too long. Recognizing that young people are the future of our country should be priority and an initiative by the government. By providing the help that students and teachers need to be successful in the classroom, we eliminate all excuses for not finding success outside of the classroom. If the government gave more funding to public and state school systems, enforce reward systems for teachers who excel at their job, also createRead MoreBeing International Student Studying During The Usa1453 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational student studying in the USA, is a great mistake to think that America is the most perfect country and everyo ne in America is wealthy. Not only do most people who are not US think all Americans are rich, we also think that the government is rich in making very few mistakes. Unfortunately for the US, this is not true. Perceptions of people in truth are not always the same. Currently America is suffering a crisis of economic debt and are having trouble to rescue itself due to several differentRead MoreThe Nationwide Student Debt Crisis967 Words   |  4 PagesFact or Fiction: The Nationwide Student Debt Crisis In the United States, it is generally accepted that college (or any form of higher education for that matter) is a wise investment that each and every individual should strive for. Each and every year thousands of parents open college funds and future investment plans to ensure that once their child is of age he or she can participate in quality educational programs. While college attendance rates are at a positive all-time high, right behind itRead MoreThe State Of Black America Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesThe State of Black America in One Word ~ Crisis! When I survey the landscape in black America, it does not take long for me to recognize the massive impression of a vehement struggle of a collective group of people to simply keep their head above water. The problem in the black community is that it is where every ill of this nation is felt first. It is the place in which much of the economic devastation is felt and absorbed in order to relieve some of the pressure off of this nation’s more affluentRead MoreStudent Loans For Education Equal Success997 Words   |  4 PagesStudent Loans Assisting For Education Equal Success After reading the articles on, â€Å"The Myth of the Student Loan Crisis† it was stated that student loans are the crisis because of the hundred dollars worth of debt. The second article, â€Å"Here’s Your Crisis: Student Loans Debt Isn’t a Myth† explains that student loan crisis is not a myth but the fear of debts are preventing students from attending college. These articles provided information to prove my beliefs that the government has a responsibilityRead MoreThe American Public School System1335 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica is reaching a pivotal point in modern history. The choice to revamp the American public school system is in the hands of the state lawmakers. The Common Core State Standards Initiative is the solution to this crisis facing our country today. These standards provide a framework in our public schools to help better prepare students for college. Through the implementation of these standards here in the State of Florida we will be h elping bring our young scholars to a globally competitive levelRead MoreEducation Is The Most Important Part Of Every Human993 Words   |  4 PagesToday, Education is the most important part of every human being in this world. But, how can a developed country like the United States consider education as a privilege rather than a need. Today, America is suffering from lack of workforce and education crisis. America’s economy is collapsing and it is losing to countries like china, Brazil, Russia, etc. because Americans are deprived of education because of high college costs. High school graduates in America want to attend college but when theyRead MoreFinancial Growth Test Questions Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesProblem 1 In what specific ways (if any) does a college education increase a workers productivity? Take some special care with this problem. A college education can increase a workers’ productivity in various ways. Generally a college graduate enters into the labour market with more knowledge and higher skills than a non-college graduate. These higher skills can be improved thinking, writing, communication and problem solving; which increase productivity. The thinking processes increases the applicationRead MoreFactors Affecting The Investment Market1405 Words   |  6 Pagesfundamental aspects will be mentioned in this paper, which are political elections, natural disaster and international financial crisis. Through analyzing some cases, to show how these three factors influence the investment market. Political election is a huge effective consideration for the investment market. Each candidate will publish different political to solve America facing problems. In addition, different party has their own governing idea. The competition between the parties prompt them toRead MoreThe Foreclosure Crisis : A Certified Civil / Circuit Mediator1350 Words   |  6 PagesAs a certified Civil/Circuit Mediator, I mediated over 500 foreclosure mediations during the foreclosure crisis. Looking back at the many family experiences I witnessed and the consequences endured as a result of those experiences, there were many lessons to be learned. Three of the most important lessons are: (1) education; (2) moderation; and (3) exploration. Buyers will get more education on the lending process; banks will exercise more moderation in extending mortgage loans, and the government

Education Essay - 1244 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Most controversies over education are centered around the question of how strictly standards should be upheld. The concern over whether or not flunking students is appropriate or even in the best interest of the student is a widely discussed topic. The argument often begins with students just starting school where the question of standardized testing for kindergartners arises. The majority of people are actually against such testing because they feel that a child who is labeled as a failure at such an early age may be permanently damaged (Bowen 86). The worry over the failure issue is further traced to educators who feel children just entering school are not fully prepared. Teachers are faced with†¦show more content†¦Its givings are based strictly on financial need (Mulcahy 12). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The government is not the only organization avoiding standardized testing; many colleges around the nation, including several elite liberal-arts colleges, have stopped requiring standard test scores for admission. These universities use other information, such as class rank and GPA, to determine eligibility (Goldstein 52-53). There is, however, much opposition to the idea of no tests. Diane Ravitch feels that testing can protect society and encourage students to try harder. She feels that tests are effective as long as students are properly prepared for them in their everyday learning (54). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In more recent headlines, the issue of education and testing has risen again. Both major presidential candidates have voiced strong support of statewide testing in hopes of raising academic standards. This is in response to voter’s strong backing of high-stake testing in the polls. The majority of people included in a recent survey feel that students should have to pass statewide tests to progress to the following grade and even to graduate. For programs started in Texas by Governor George Bush, schools are rewarded and punished according to the student performance. Some critics express concern that pressure on students and teachers is too greatShow MoreRelatedEducation In Education1314 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment). When compared to the United States, the overwhelming difference in intelligence of teenagers between the two countries begs to question if our learning styles work well. If the U.S. can learn and execute decisions in the Department of Education to make it similar to Finland, then public schools will excel. Unfortunately, teachers create the largest obstacle currently stopping the U.S. from becoming like Finland because they do not obtain as much educational experience and skill. In AmericaRead MoreDistance Education : Education And Education1422 Words   |  6 PagesDistance education provides many benefits for the students, faculty, and universities who utilize them. For students, it provides more flexibility for their schedules, the ability to work at one’s own pace, and improves their familiarity with job-friendly technology. It also allows them to receive an education while simultaneously being employed in a full-time job elsewhere—whether that be maintaining a career or caring for a family. Distance education also keeps teaching staff at peak performanceRead MoreEducation Reform : Education And Education1043 Words   |  5 Pages Education Reform School has changed tremendously over time. School was a lot different back then than it is today. Going to school wasn’t offered to everyone. It was only offered to the upper-class. Boys and girls were schooled separately, but today our schools are diverse and have many different kinds of races. Technology did not even exist a hundred years ago but today, we use technology everyday for our schoolwork. Through the course of history, education usually matched the needs of societyRead MoreEducation, Education And Education939 Words   |  4 Pagesamenities such as health, education and security to its citizens. According to Milton Friedman, the government has a very important and critical role to play in the provision of education and more specifically provision of primary education. Government involvement in the education sector can either be in the form of loans, subsidies or grants to provide an enabling learning environment to the needy students. This paper analyzes the r ole of subsidies in the support of higher education based on Friedman’sRead MoreEducation And Influences Of Education1392 Words   |  6 PagesEducation and Influences What does it mean to be educated? When education is thought upon, one would imagine the school system starting with preschool, first grade, second grade, and third grade eventually moving on up to till the 12th. Or One might think that education is having â€Å"street smarts†... knowing which places to avoid in florida versus being a tourist just visiting. Education is defined as: the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or universityRead MoreEducation And Its Impact On Education1706 Words   |  7 Pagesthe way it is in these modern’s period. Education plays a role in a development in a country. When we look at the global as a whole, we would see that educations are a factor that help for war, increase economy, increase political tension, and so on. The foundation of the society is based on education since it brings economic and social prosperity. Gaining education enhances an individual to live a respectful life in the societ y. This is because education offers a setting in which culture and valuesRead MoreThe Importance Of Education In Education744 Words   |  3 PagesIn a democratic education system, there is a balance of authority between the state, the parents, the individual, and the educators. While each group has their own claim to power over the education of children, there is still the question of who should have the most. This question often comes down to the state or the parents because they are the most complicated and influential. The primary goal of democratic education is to equip children with the knowledge and moral character needed to find successRead MoreEducation And Education : The Benefits Of Sport Education1040 Words   |  5 PagesHow we can make a definition for Sport education? It’s a way that you can make your mind and body be more stronger on your education by choosing a good sport. There will are so many good effects by doing sports, for instance, students can be to ugh after they playing basketball, and they can be If we want to analyze the effects , we need to find out the main reason that why students need to do some sports in their education. In the modern life, there are so much pressures in studying, and they canRead MoreEducation And The Education System864 Words   |  4 PagesToday, along with integration with the world on all aspects about education so the education system in my country also has many programs to help students easier gain access to the education of the world including the US. We know that English very important for students when they want to study in US so my education system has built an environment convenient for students such as English center, website, a program teach about English for students when they are at school, and STEAM system for studentsRead MoreEducation : Education And Development1281 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 11: Education and Development Education took a shift in the 1950’s in Latin America. Due to the change of society, education began to shift as well. Education in Latin America went from consumption to production and striving the development of all nations and mass education was the key to access modernization. Schooling was a way of teaching the knowledge, values, and attitudes that would modernize a society as well as uphold the industrial economy. The focal point of education in Latin America

Travel Plan and Market Segmentation Assignment Example

Essays on Travel Plan and Market Segmentation Assignment The paper "Travel Plan and Market Segmentation" is a wonderful example of an assignment on tourism. Lifestyles and lifestyle values have many factors within a particular group of people, which affect their way of life other than the cultural and religious orientation. Lifestyle segmentation allows marketers to look at the global consumers a heterogeneous group of individuals who fall under the same segmentation as a basis for the development of products or even services (Baines et al 2005). Lifestyle in this case, therefore, defines the person’s basic reactions and behavior. In many markets, there are diverse consumers who have differing lifestyles, backgrounds, and even income levels. This, therefore, means that there is no single marketing mix that can be used to cover or even attract all sectors of a market. By understanding the consumer, marketers get a clear chance to develop a mere efficient and effective marketing strategy (Fraj Martinez 2006).In any given market, ther e are many variables in consumer needs, preferences and most importantly the purchasing power which attracts consumers with a single marketing mix. There is a need to identify the factors that affect purchase decisions and then group consumers according to the presence or even the absence of the said factors (Divine Lepisto 2005). In other words, there is a need to have the marketing strategies adjusted so that they can meet the needs of a particular group. This division of the market into smaller and relatively homogenous groups is the one referred to as market segmentation.A market segment, in this case, must have a definite presence of a measurable purchasing power and size. In this case, the two couples fall under different categories and therefore the design of the product will have to be different even though there are some which they can handle at the same time (Bojanic 2007). The difference will in most cases be determined by the price and product which are mostly correlate d to their life stage difference and not age per se.It is worth noting that, this segmentation approaches a life stage that determines the consumer purchasing behavior primarily. As people move from one stage of life to another, they become consumers for different types of goods and services. In this case, Couple A, who has just married have a differing profile as compared to couple B who happens to be their parents. To satisfy these groups, then there is a need to offer them the best value possible in accordance with their group type.This report is about a travel plan for two groups which are:Couple A - Young Optimism ValsCouple B - Visible Achievements ValsThe two groups are looking for different vacations but in the same region. However, due to the difference in their lifestyles, their packages are going to be different.Vacation VenueVeniceVenice has extraordinary tourist attractions to show off which are mostly enhanced by their waterfront location.

Gang Leader For Day free essay sample

The author of â€Å"Gang Leader for a Day†, Sudhir Vankatesh, delivers an intimate look into a world most people would prefer to ignore. In the book, the graduate student formed a friendship with a local gang leader and was able to get the inside information of the gang’s role in the Chicago housing projects. ABC’s 60 Minutes and National Geographic have made outstanding videos describing in great detail, gang life. Girls in the Hood, by ABC, informs that the notion of only males in gangs is false; that there are strong female leaders that are much involved in the gang as much as males. â€Å"Maximum Security†, by 60 Minutes, informs the audience about how gang leaders turned Pelican Bay, a prison fortress, into their own head courters of criminal activity. â€Å"World most Dangerous Gang†, by National Geographic, describes how important it is to deal with violent gangs and not make the same mistake twice. Sudhir Vankatesh is a brave sociologist who wanted to live the life of the very thing he studied. In 1989, Vankatesh was a graduate student from University of Chicago and for his research he had come to spend time with the Black King gang. The author stayed in the Robert Taylor housing project which was next to the university; although, the staff of the university made it clear that these areas were places to be avoided. He started to attend seminars that analyzed typical sociological enquiries which he felt did not portray an accurate sociological prospective of the people who lived in the projects. He liked the questions the researchers were asking, but compared them with the vibrant life he saw on the streets of Chicago, the discussion of these seminars seemed cold and distant. The author decided to go with the direct approach in which he had a firsthand experience in his research, instead of a more common approach of using surveys and questionnaires. The biggest reason why Vankatesh did not want to base his research on surveys is because their validity is not one hundred percent accurate. Vankatesh’s research method was not clear to him when he approached Hyde Park for the first time. It is understood that throughout the book he used the participant and observation method: seeing people face to face. He meets J.T at the park and soon realizes that he is a Black King Gang member. They form an unusual friendship because they are both intrigued with each other. J.T. has a college degree and he had a job but he felt that  he could not grow within the workforce due to his ethnicity. The blue-collar occupation that J.T. worked at could not promise better pay so he had to go back to the projects where he grew up and ran the Black King Gang. His authority was easy to achieve because he was well known throughout the project community. He mostly dealt with people like a business man but sometimes he had to put people in line through brutal violence. The Robert Taylor homes housed many poor African Americans which results in de facto (‘in actual fact†) segregation. The occupants consisted mainly of single parent homes which attributed to their socio financial status. The deprived African Americans experience hypersegregation because of the geo-political region. The local law enforcement’s lack of presence encourages locals to seek the Black King Gang for justice. J.T, gang’s leader, regulates the kind of punishment suitable for each situation. After Brass and C-Note went against J.T.’s rule to make Vankatesh leader for a day they were brutally assaulted. The consequence of their behavior resulted in punishment sanction that encouraged conformity to the gang’s cultural norms. The Black King Gang organizes itself to efficiently perform responsibilities. The bureaucratic gang has a â€Å"Board of Directors† at the top of it hierarchy that oversees the grand operation. J.T. is an instrumental leader because he focuses on completing tasks. His take charge attitude and outgoing personality are all traits of a born leader. As a leader he had to keep the gang motivated to keep sell the illegal substances. J.T. understands the consequences of breaking the law so he never carried a gun or drugs because it would send him to prison. The people of the Robert Taylor Homes value the hierarchy of the gang because it serves them as protection. Squatters, people who sleep in the halls, usually cause a lot of trouble because of their alcohol and drug abuse. The female tenants feel comfortable enough to tell J.T. if the squatters are harassing them. Being organized allows the gang to run more efficiently when performing tasks. In chapter four of â€Å"Gang Leader for a Day† the author gets a chance in a lifetime: he was appointed leader of the gang for one day with, of course, help from J.T., T-Bone, and Price. They discuss the ongoing problem of rival gangs wanting to take their territory explained that he pays the local homeless of the area to keep an eye out just to have a second reference, when a problem occurs. The author concludes that his peers, other sociologist, have a false  understanding of the kinds of positive outcomes gangs bring to The Robert Taylor community. The latent function of the gang’s role is that they try their best to protect the men and women who do not abuse drugs and are too poor to care for themselves. Girls in the Hood put together a lot of videotape shot over a four month period by Mara and Jokey, two female gang associates in East Los Angeles. Mara is one of the leaders of Tapa 13. Tapa is the name of her neighborhood and 13 stands for the south. Jokey is a member of the drifters in East L.A. She has stolen cars, sold drugs, and shot at her enemies. They acclaimed this life style because they are in it for the thrill and danger. Even though they do all these not so great things they value religion. In the video there is a clip of a mural of the Virgin Marry spray painted as a totem to the Neighborhood. Mara explains that this sacred symbol is presented in an area where acts of crime are ordinary. The community values religion and believes in biblical figures yet still acts in atrocious behaviors. As for Jokey, stealing and selling drugs is norm. During the Rodney King riots in 1992 Jokey looted local shopping malls and was scorned by her father. They both explain that their gang is like a second family. The major function of this family is the social placement of one another. Its main focus is to have social organization and pass down race, ethnicity and religion. The video â€Å"Maximum Security† explained how gang members live in the Security Housing Unit (SHU). Prisoners are locked in their cells 23 hours a day. For the hour outside their cells the prisoners are allowed out in the yard to do some form of exercise. In their cells they communicate with each other through the drains. Inside the SHU, gangs find new ways of collaborating because it’s the best way to keep under the radar of the guards or other gang members. The language used here is not used by the average citizen in the United States. The system of symbols such as hand gestures and sign language are specifically understood by the members of the gang. The gangs are able to send out orders to murder and money launders from within this metal fortress. In their cells however it is much harder to converse in SHU through hand gestures, so they started fishing. Fishing is when a person from a cell writes a note and attaches it to a line, made out of bed sheets, and launches it hoping it lands in the right place. If it goes off course or one of the guards picks it up they just make another one because they have a  lot of time on their hands. The Guards consider â€Å"fishing† a nuisance and in a sense a folkway of inmates. The video â€Å"World’s Most Dangerous Gang† focuses on the notorious MS-13 which is 10,000 foot soldiers strong and spanning from El Salvador to Canada. Originating in East Los Angles, MS-13 acts like an underground business or black market that defends its territory through ruthless violence. To stay in business, the gang must keep their coldblooded reputation and it is considered a norm to kill. This allows the gang to keep their profits coming in. A former gang member is interviewed in the short film; his name is Jester; when he was only eight years old he was jumped in. To be jumped in is to undergo a vicious beating for no more than 13 seconds. This gang is involved in more crime than any other gang in the world. The U.S Government decided to send captured MS-13 members to El Salvador in attempt to get rid of the problem. This caused the gang to become stronger and larger because the officials in El Salvador are not as strong as the officers in the U.S. The sociological theory of deviance best explains gang life is differential-association theory. According to Edwin Sutherland â€Å"a person’s tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior† (Macionis). The differential-association theory applies to many kinds of deviant engagements. For example, MS-13 provides conditions in which young individuals learn to become lawbreakers. This gang defines itself as countercultural and glorifies viciousness, vengeance, and corruption as means to achieving social status. Gang members learn to be deviant as they embrace and conform to their gangs norms. It focuses on evolving the nature of criminality because adolescents usually learn deviance from the people who spent the most time with it. Fortunately none of my family members are involved in any gang or criminal activity. I do understand that being in a gang gives people the sense that they belong to group. I have a fairly large family and we are very close. If I did not feel like I belonged to my family there would have been a big chance that I would have spent more time with negative influences. ABC’s, 60 minutes, and National geographic did an excellent job in getting the inside story of gangs and the life. It breaks the false interpretation mass media gives to the general public. Maximum Security, by 60 minutes, informs the audience on how the gangsters in Pelican Bay send out orders to do heinous activity. â€Å"World’s most Dangerous  Gang†, by National Geographic, describes how important it is that law enforcement deal with violent gangs and not send them to another region of the world to wreak havoc. Sudhir Vankatesh lived in the shoes of a gangster’s life for one day to personally experience the culture poor African Americans live in.